Curriculum Vitae
Senior Lecturer, Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Dean and Professor, LADI, Liaoning Technical University
FIES, FIETE, FMHKCS, SGIETI, SMIEEE, LMACM
Academic summary
Computing educator and researcher at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, teaching large, highly diverse cohorts across computing, engineering, design, and the sciences. My teaching is built on a visible-to-impact pedagogy: making reasoning visible, translating concepts across disciplines, adapting support to learner needs, and converting coursework into research papers, competition wins, patents, and start-up pathways. Alongside teaching, I research adaptive assessment, AIoT, robotics, and smart health systems, and author books spanning robot control, operating systems, and computing education.
2 appointments
Senior Lecturer, Department of Computing
Courses taught: Programming Fundamentals and Applications, Operating Systems, Computer Networking, and AIoT; 2,000+ students reached across computing and interdisciplinary subjects.
Sep 2023 – present
Dean & Professor, School of Low Altitude and Digital Intelligence
Dec 2025 – Present
11 course records
| Year | Code | Course | Level | Class | Sections |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026–2027 | COMP5585 | Cloud Computing and Hyperscale AI Infrastructure | Postgraduate | 60 | 1 |
| 2026–2027 | COMP2S01 | Technology Beyond Borders: Service Learning across Cultural, Ethnic and Community Lines | Undergraduate | 60 | 1 |
| 2026–2027 | COMP1012 | Programming Fundamentals and Applications | Undergraduate | 130 | 2 |
| 2025–2026 | COMP2432 | Operating Systems | Undergraduate | 291 | 3 |
| 2025–2026 | COMP2322 | Computer Networking | Undergraduate | 200 | 2 |
| 2025–2026 | COMP1012 | Programming Fundamentals and Applications | Undergraduate | 331 | 4 |
| 2024–2025 | COMP4436 | Artificial Intelligence of Things | Undergraduate | 60 | 1 |
| 2024–2025 | COMP2432 | Operating Systems | Undergraduate | 240 | 3 |
| 2024–2025 | COMP1012 | Programming Fundamentals and Applications | Undergraduate | 349 | 3 |
| 2023–2024 | COMP2432 | Operating Systems | Undergraduate | 229 | 3 |
| 2023–2024 | COMP1012 | Programming Fundamentals and Applications | Undergraduate | 291 | 3 |
Core expertise
Large-cohort teaching (300+ students) · Cognitive visibility & code tracing · Translational, cross-disciplinary explanation · Scaffolded labs & low-stakes assessment · Service-learning pedagogy
Computerized adaptive testing · AIoT systems · Robotics & digital twins · Smart health · Intelligent construction monitoring
Python · Rust · MQTT & IoT protocols · Arduino / Raspberry Pi · Neural networks
Output conversion: coursework to contribution · Evidence-informed refinement · Interdisciplinary mentorship · Inclusive classroom design
14 projects
Mentor · Research Team Lead · 2026
An adaptive coding game platform for programming a five-joint hair-cutting robot in the browser. Learners arrange Blockly commands while a computerized adaptive testing engine adjusts challenge difficulty and a deterministic digital twin refuses any movement that would reach the head. Built by Pmine Research at Field of Dream Studio.
Robotics · Simulation · Digital Twin · CAT · Rust · Blockly · ESP8266
Project Instructor · Advisor · 2026
A cross-institutional PolyU–HKUST student research prototype for AI-assisted chest CT review. PulmoSight is designed to flag suspicious lung nodules, classify risk, segment high-risk regions, and produce structured outputs that help clinical teams prioritise cases for physician review. It is a triage-support instrument, not an autonomous diagnostic system or replacement for clinical judgement.
Medical AI · CT Imaging · Triage Support · Clinician-in-the-Loop · Student Research
Research Lead & Mentor · 2025 – present
An adaptive assessment engine that adjusts challenge based on verified learner performance, supporting personalised, scalable assessment. The work behind the IEEE ICCSP 2026 Best Paper on Smart Education Systems, a Hong Kong short-term patent, and a PCT international application, with dissemination through QS Reimagine Education 2026 and the eLFA Symposium 2026.
Adaptive Testing · CAT · EdTech · Patents
Mentor · Research Team Lead · 2026
PolyU Junior Researcher Mentoring Programme (Group 09): guiding seven secondary-school students to build "smart" classrooms using sensors and MQTT to track classroom environment and student movement; hands-on AIoT with Arduino and Raspberry Pi, from protocols and programming through research methods to conference presentation.
Mentorship · AIoT · MQTT · STEM Outreach
Course & Project Designer · 2025 – present
Industry-connected AIoT projects that convert abstract computing into applied problem-solving through practical programming with robotic systems, humanoid robots, and AIoT platforms across construction safety, healthcare, PPE monitoring, and robotics.
AIoT · Robotics · Project-Based Learning · Industry
Camp Director & Lead Instructor · Jul – Aug 2026
A three-workshop academy camp featuring the Robo-Builder Challenge, Virtual Barber Shop, and Final Competition, where participants build and program their first hair-cutting robotic arm. Organised with IEEE Finland CASS and IEEE Nanjing TEMSCISC, using the HCR 3D Learning Simulator as its virtual practice environment.
Robotics · Outreach · IEEE · Competition
Educator · 2025 – present
Formal and experiential development in service-learning and community-engaged pedagogy, including a Continuing Education Course certificate in service-learning pedagogy and practice, deepened through engagement in the Philippines across educational and community contexts shaped by different social, linguistic, and resource realities.
Service-Learning · Community · Inclusive Education
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
2025 to 2027
University of Oulu, Finland
2025 to 2027
Duhok Polytechnic University, Iraq
2025 to 2027
Sai Siddhartha Super Speciality Hospital, India
2025 to 2026
New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Taiwan
2025 to 2026
The Installers, Interiors and Decorators, India
2025 to 2027
MotionTimeCat, Guangzhou, China
2024 to 2027
55 records
A. M. Mohammed. “Translational Computing Pedagogies for Interdisciplinary Classrooms”. IGI Global · Hershey, PA, USA, 2027. Author · Forthcoming · 2027 doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-1811-8
A. M. Mohammed and S. Jiang. “Operating Systems with Rust”. Wiley–IEEE Press · Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2027. Author · In press · 2027
A. M. Mohammed and W. Cong. “Real-Time Robotics with IoT and Edge AI: Methods, Metrics, and Applications”. IGI Global · Hershey, PA, USA, 2026. Author · Published · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-0701-3
A. M. Mohammed. “Advanced Concurrency, Buffering, and Web-Sync in Sensor Platforms: Zero-Loss Streams”. IGI Global · Hershey, PA, USA, 2026. Author · Published · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-1101-0
A. M. Mohammed and H. M. Zangana. “Intelligent Construction Monitoring Systems: Real-Time Safety, Environmental Prediction, and Risk Management”. IGI Global · Hershey, PA, USA, 2026. Author · Published · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-9245-5
S. Li, L. Jin, and A. M. Mohammed. “Kinematic Control of Redundant Robot Arms Using Neural Networks”. Wiley–IEEE Press · Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2019. Author · Published · 2019 doi:10.1002/9781119557005
H. M. Zangana, A. M. Mohammed, M. Omar, A. Rangarajan, F. Kaleem, J. N. Al-Karaki, and X. Cao. “Intelligent Construction Monitoring Systems: Foundations, Architectures, and Future Directions”. In Intelligent Construction Monitoring Systems: Real-Time Safety, Environmental Prediction, and Risk Management · IGI Global · Hershey, PA, USA · pp. 1–48, 2026. Co-Author · Published book chapter · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-9245-5.ch001
Q. Zhu, C. Zhang, Z. Xu, Q. Wang, H. Wan, A. M. Mohammed, and C. Wu. “An Integrated System for Real-Time Safety Helmet Monitoring and Advanced Environmental Prediction”. In Intelligent Construction Monitoring Systems: Real-Time Safety, Environmental Prediction, and Risk Management · IGI Global Scientific Publishing · Hershey, PA, USA · pp. 61–76, 2026. Co-Author · Published book chapter · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-9245-5.ch003
M. Long, K. N. Lo, L. Peng, A. M. Mohammed, and C. Wu. “Real-Time AIoT-Based Fatigue Detection System for Enhancing Worker Well-Being and Learning Efficiency”. In Intelligent Construction Monitoring Systems: Real-Time Safety, Environmental Prediction, and Risk Management · IGI Global Scientific Publishing · Hershey, PA, USA · pp. 103–132, 2026. Co-Author · Published book chapter · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-9245-5.ch005
A. M. Mohammed. “Cultivating a Creation-Oriented Culture in Higher Education: Institutional Ecosystems for Translational and Interdisciplinary Learning”. In Translational Computing Pedagogies for Interdisciplinary Classrooms · IGI Global Scientific Publishing · Hershey, PA, USA · pp. 299–328, 2026. Lead Author · Published book chapter · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-1811-8.ch012
A. M. Mohammed. “Translational Computing Pedagogy for Interdisciplinary Classrooms: Scope, Need, and Framework”. In Translational Computing Pedagogies for Interdisciplinary Classrooms · IGI Global Scientific Publishing · Hershey, PA, USA · pp. 1–26, 2026. Lead Author · Published book chapter · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-1811-8.ch001
H. M. Zangana, H. Beitollahi, M. Omar, S. S. Muhamad, F. M. Mustafa, A. M. Mohammed, and S. Wani. “Explainable and Ethical AI in Education and Healthcare: Bridging Trust, Transparency, and Innovation”. In Encyclopedia of Modern Artificial Intelligence · IGI Global Scientific Publishing · Hershey, PA, USA · pp. 688–714, 2026. Co-Author · Published book chapter · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5638-8.ch030
L. Huang, B. Xue, Y. Chen, P. Wu, Y. Wang, and A. M. Mohammed. “An Integrated Framework for Real-Time Sensor Data Aggregation and Adaptive Buffer Management in Concurrent Systems”. In Advanced Concurrency, Buffering, and Web-Sync in Sensor Platforms: Zero-Loss Streams · IGI Global Scientific Publishing · Hershey, PA, USA · pp. 1–34, 2026. Co-Author · Published book chapter · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-1101-0.ch001
H. Shi, X. Luo, H. Huang, Y. Feng, Z. Meng, and A. M. Mohammed. “Coordinating Cross-Process Sensor Aggregation in Rust With IPC and Shared Memory”. In Advanced Concurrency, Buffering, and Web-Sync in Sensor Platforms: Zero-Loss Streams · IGI Global Scientific Publishing · Hershey, PA, USA · pp. 97–130, 2026. Co-Author · Published book chapter · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-1101-0.ch004
M. Al Khaldy, A. M. Mohammed, and T. K. Wong. “Edge AI Swarm Robotics for Real-Time Supply Chain Intelligence”. In Real-Time Robotics with IoT and Edge AI: Methods, Metrics, and Applications · IGI Global Scientific Publishing · Hershey, PA, USA · pp. 29–58, 2026. Co-Author · Published book chapter · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-0701-3.ch002
K. C. Lai, A. M. Mohammed, and H. M. Zangana. “ROS-Based Mobile Robot for Environmental Monitoring and Data Analysis”. In Real-Time Robotics with IoT and Edge AI: Methods, Metrics, and Applications · IGI Global Scientific Publishing · Hershey, PA, USA · pp. 59–92, 2026. Co-Author · Published book chapter · 2026 doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-0701-3.ch003
R. K. Jones and A. M. Mohammed. “Prompt Injection Attacks Risks and Defense Mechanisms”. In Securing Large Language Models Against Emerging Threats · IGI Global Scientific Publishing · Hershey, PA, USA · pp. 149–186, 2025. Co-Author · Published book chapter · 2025 doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-7133-7.ch005
L. Jin, A. M. Mohammed, L. Wen, and J. Lv. “Momentum-Incorporated Discrete Neural Network for Learning and Control of Redundant Robots”. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 2026. Co-Author · Published · 2026
H. M. Zangana, A. M. Mohammed, S. Wani, X. Cao, and M. Omar. “Hybrid Vision Transformer for Brain and Lung Tumor Detection: A Multi-Modal Approach Using MRI (BraTS) and CT (LUNA16) Datasets”. Buletin Ilmiah Sarjana Teknik Elektro · vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1069–1081, 2026. Co-Author · Published · February 2026
H. M. Zangana, M. Omar, A. M. Mohammed, X. Cao, and S. Wani. “A Lightweight Hybrid Template-Matching-CNN Framework with Attention-Guided Fusion for Robust Small Object Detection”. Buletin Ilmiah Sarjana Teknik Elektro · vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 258–271, 2026. Co-Author · Published · February 2026
Z. Haque, M. Koklu, A. M. Mohammed, M. Omar, and S. Mukhayyokhon. “Mitigating Spatial Scale Loss in CNN-Based Fine-Grained Image Classification: Application to Date Fruit Grading”. Impact in Agriculture · vol. 1, pp. 1–15, 2025. Co-Author · Published · 2025 doi:10.65500/agriculture-2025-005
H. M. Zangana, H. Beitollahi, S. S. Muhamad, A. M. Mohammed, and S. Wani. “AI-Driven Threat Intelligence on Blockchain Using Deep Learning for Decentralized Cyber Risk Prediction”. Control Systems and Optimization Letters · vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 378–385, 2025. Co-Author · Published · 2025
A. H. Khan, A. M. Mohammed, and S. Li. “Portfolio Optimization: A Neurodynamic Approach Based on Spiking Neural Networks”. Biomimetics · vol. 10, no. 12, Art. 808, 2025. Co-Author · Published · 2025 doi:10.3390/biomimetics10120808
H. Ruan, S. Li, J. Guo, Y. Wang, S. Jiang, and A. M. Mohammed. “High Performance Adaptive Learning and Testing System with Safe Dynamic Plugin System”. 12th IEEE International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP) · Tamil Nadu, India, 2026. Co-Author · Published · Presented 22–24 April 2026 Award · Best Paper on Smart Education Systems doi:10.1109/ICCSP68173.2026.11539256
T. D. Xiang, Z. X. Lu, A. R. J. X. P. Santos, S. Jiang, K. W. Lu, and A. M. Mohammed. “Engineering Metadata Placement over MQTT 5 for Multi-Robot Fleet Coordination”. 36th IEEE International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA) · Czech Republic, 2026. Co-Author · Accepted for presentation · 2026
S. Jiang, H. Ruan, S. Wang, J. Zhao, L. Chen, and A. M. Mohammed. “SafePulse: A Memory-Safe Rust Architecture for Deterministic Real-Time ECG Alerting with Optional LLM Enrichment”. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Health and Education (ICAIHE) · Springer · Tokyo, Japan, 2026. Co-Author · Presented · 8–10 June 2026
A. M. Mohammed, A. Khan, X. Cao, P. P. Ray, and S. Li. “LLMQDelivery: An LLM-Guided Autonomous Quadcopter Delivery System for Minimizing Human Contact in Quarantine Zone Logistics”. 6th IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics · Nanjing, China, 2026. Lead Author · Presented · 17–20 April 2026
Z. Huang, A. T. Khan, A. M. Mohammed, F. L. Regio, J. J. Torvinen, L. Angrisani, and S. Li. “A Safety Boundary Governor for Teleoperated Robotic Haircutting”. IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Sustainability (MetroSustainability) · Naples, Italy, 2026. Co-Author · Accepted for presentation · 23–25 November 2026
Y. Hu, N. Chen, K. Zhang, and A. M. Mohammed. “Physics-Informed GAN Generation of Acoustic Anomalies for Structural Health Monitoring of Dams”. IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT) · Monterrey, Mexico, 2026. Co-Author · Presented · 4–6 March 2026
S. S.-Y. Lai and A. M. Mohammed. “Smart Construction Safety Platform: Integrating AI and IoT for Proactive Hazard Management”. 3rd Springer International Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous Computing and Applications (ICWSNUCA) · Hyderabad, India, 2026. Co-Author · Presented · 19–21 February 2026 Award · Best Paper Award
K. C. Lai and A. M. Mohammed. “Robust Visual Perception for Mobile Robots: Integrating Physics-Informed Deblurring in ROS2”. 3rd Springer International Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous Computing and Applications (ICWSNUCA) · Hyderabad, India, 2026. Co-Author · Presented · 19–21 February 2026
L. Shen, M. Cui, L. Huang, J. Wang, and A. M. Mohammed. “Optimizing Sports Facility Management Using OS-Level Process Scheduling: A Smart Parking System for Sports Venues”. IEEE 1st World Congress on Sports Science and Technology · Hong Kong, 2025. Co-Author · Presented · 29 November–2 December 2025
Y. Chen, Y. Wan, Y. Yang, Y. Liao, J. Jin, and A. M. Mohammed. “Deep Learning-Based Fabric Classification for Sportswear Using Ensemble Methods Under Small Dataset Constraints”. IEEE 1st World Congress on Sports Science and Technology · Hong Kong, 2025. Co-Author · Presented · 29 November–2 December 2025
H. Cai and A. M. Mohammed. “Vision-Based Automated Detection of Surface Damage in Sports Facilities and Equipment”. IEEE 1st World Congress on Sports Science and Technology · Hong Kong, 2025. Co-Author · Presented · 29 November–2 December 2025
A. T. Khan, M. Ramzan, A. M. Mohammed, X. Cao, and S. Li. “SAUNet: A Bio-Inspired Spiking Attention U-Net for Energy-Efficient Semantic Segmentation with Applications to IoT-Enabled Assessment Systems”. 24th ICWL-SETE · Hong Kong, 2025. Co-Author · Presented · 30 November–3 December 2025
Y. Hu, N. Chen, K. Zhang, K. H. Mok, K. S. So, and A. M. Mohammed. “A Generalized Structural Health Monitoring: A Classification and Simulation-Based Approach for Construction Projects”. 24th ICWL-SETE · Hong Kong, 2025. Co-Author · Presented · 30 November–3 December 2025
A. M. Mohammed et al.. “Texture-Based Classification Techniques for Sports Surface and Equipment Analysis Using Deep Learning”. International Conference on Advanced Computing and Intelligent Robotics and Applications (ICACIRA) · Guangzhou, China, 2025. Lead Author · Presented · 7–9 November 2025 Award · Best Paper Award
C. K. Max, Y. A. Wang, L. P. Recio, C. C. T. George, and A. M. Mohammed. “Energy-Efficient and High-Accuracy AIoT Visual Sensing Using K-Vote, Transfer-Spiking Net, and Reconstructive Classifier”. 22nd IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC) · Finland, 2025. Co-Author · Presented · 1–3 October 2025
C. Liu, H. Du, Y. Ren, and A. M. Mohammed. “Optimizing Construction Site Resources Under Uncertainty Through Stochastic Simulation and Advanced Scheduling Techniques”. 22nd IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC) · Finland, 2025. Co-Author · Presented · 1–3 October 2025
K. F. On, K. S. Hu, C. H. Liu, and A. M. Mohammed. “Forecasting Population Trends and Socioeconomic Impacts in Asian Tiger Economies Using Stochastic and Machine Learning Models”. 22nd IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC) · Finland, 2025. Co-Author · Published · 1–3 October 2025
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Beyond Retrospective Prediction: Time-Aware, Active-at-Cutoff Evaluation of Online-Learner Risk Models”. 14th AISTI · Seoul, South Korea, 2026. Speaker · Keynote address · 9 August 2026
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Network and OS Foundations for Safe Robotic Actuation”. Lanzhou University · Lanzhou, China, 2026. Speaker · Outreach lectures · July 2026
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Architecting Cloud Education: Balancing AI Pedagogy with Data Privacy and Legal Governance”. 2026 8th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Inclusive Education, Management and Legal Services · Wuhan University of Technology, China, 2026. Speaker · Keynote address · Friday, 3 July 2026
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Making the Invisible Visible: Understanding Workplace Culture and Organizational Values in Higher Education”. Faculty Development Program, Department of Physiotherapy, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies · Faridabad, India, 2026. Speaker · Keynote address · 27 April 2026
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Dynamic Neural Networks for Parallel Stewart Platforms”. IEEE ICCSP · Tamil Nadu, India, 2026. Speaker · Keynote address · 22–24 April 2026
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “AI for Ubiquitous Systems: Control, Healthcare, and Infrastructure Monitoring in a Resource-Constrained World”. ICWSNUCA 2026 · Hyderabad, India, 2026. Speaker · Keynote address · 19–21 February 2026
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Momentum-Incorporated Discrete Neural Network for Learning and Control of Redundant Robots”. Liaoning Technical University · Fuxin, China, 2025. Speaker · Invited winter school lecture · December 2025
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Momentum-Incorporated Discrete Neural Network for Learning and Control of Redundant Robots”. Liaoning Technical University · Huludao, China, 2025. Speaker · Invited winter school lecture · December 2025
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Vision-Based Automated Detection of Surface Damage in Sports Facilities and Equipment”. Liaoning Provincial Sports Bureau · Shenyang, China, 2025. Speaker · Invited talk · December 2025
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Permissible Robots for Mining and Safety”. CCTEG Robot Technology Co. Ltd. · Shenzhen, China, 2025. Speaker · Invited talk · December 2025
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Building AI Bridges for a Smarter Future”. Shenzhen Association for Artificial Intelligence · Shenzhen, China, 2025. Speaker · Invited talk · November 2025
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Cyber Security Issues Due to Human Behaviour in the Age of AI”. Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi) · Hong Kong, 2025. Speaker · Invited talk · 2025
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Fitting the Magical Shoe: Transforming Traditional Projects with Personal Interests”. COMP4913 Capstone Project Seminar Workshop, Year IV Semester I · The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2025. Speaker · Invited seminar speaker · 18 September 2025
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “System and Method for Adaptive Computerized Testing” / 用於自適應計算機化測試的方法和系統. Patents Registry, Intellectual Property Department, Hong Kong SAR, 2026. Inventor · Short-term patent granted · Published 12 Jun 2026 (Publication No. 30133568 A) · App. No. 32026121080.3
Mohammed Aquil Mirza. “Adaptive Computerized Testing: PCT International Application”. World Intellectual Property Organization · Patent Cooperation Treaty, 2026. Inventor · PCT application filed · App. No. PCT/CN2026/085825
5 areas
Selected honours
Institutional and external recognition of teaching excellence and pedagogical innovation.
Mentor · Undergraduate, JRMP & beyond
Mentors coursework into conference papers, competition wins, prototypes, patents, and start-up pathways: 40+ student conference papers, 10+ external awards, 10+ start-up finalist teams, and 5+ patent/start-up initiatives since 2025. Currently guides seven secondary-school students through the PolyU Junior Researcher Mentoring Programme.
Outreach & service-learning
Leads academic camps and community-engaged education initiatives connecting the classroom with professional and community contexts.
Selected conference and workshop appointments
Leadership and service appointments supporting international conferences and specialist academic workshops.
Reviewer
Peer-review service supporting research quality across artificial intelligence, computing, engineering, finance, and control systems.
